Good question - I also don’t know how clear those definitions are. In my head all managers that are under department heads would be middle, and department heads + C-suite would be upper/senior management. And the subset of upper management that is C-level is, well, C-level.

What’s Volkswagen’s org structure like? I wouldn’t normally expect a department head to be middle management.

To be fair most do work without the app. The app is for remote control and other features like colors usually.