

… comparing this surgeon’s patient survival rate to that of other surgeons should determine whether he is to blame.
If his patients are significantly more likely to die than on average, it is probably the surgeon’s fault. If he has a pristine record, on the other hand, it was probably beyond his control.



Absolutely. A good study would account for confounding variables. Even the best surgeons make mistakes that lead to death; they are only human.
…society doesn’t want to create a situation where surgeons refuse to operate for fear of making a mistake.